The Flower Of Good Growing

The greatest clematis discovery of recent times is the form of C. orientalis which Ludlow and Sheriff brought back from Tibet. The four waxy petals which make up the flowers are as thick as orange peel. To begin with they are pale green, then they turn to yellow and finish real orange color. With me they start opening in late July and there are a few flowers in November. The foliage is sea-green and as delicate as a fern. I have one plant on a west wall and it frames the kitchen window, climbs up on the roof to smother the wireless aerial and works its way round the corner on to a north wall. When it is heavily laden with flowers in September it would completely curtain the window if we didn't deal with it firmly. The other one is on an east wall and the growth is even more luxuriant because after reaching the top of the wall it has to work forward and has smothered the bed below with tropical luxuriance. I planted the soft blue C. jouiniana praecox to cover the lower part of the wall and have great difficulty in keeping it from being swamped. And the finish of the flowers isn't the end of Clematis orientalis, for the balls of silky down which mingle with the flowers all through the season hang on until it is time to cut the clematis down in February. I asked Mr. Roland Jackman how I should treat this clematis and he told me I could cut it down to about z' in mid- February.

Compared with the luxuriance of the orange-peel clematis the other clematis that flower in July is very restrained. The pearly- flowered C. Huldine is best appreciated if one can look up at the flowers. C. albo-luxurians should be at eye level as the green- tipped white flowers have a delicate beauty, and C. kermesina, another viticella type, is a strong pink and associates well with Ceanotbus Autumnal Blue, with soft blue flowers.

A Flower For Every Day

The crimson-flowered S. grabamii is the toughest of the shrubby salvias but the flowers are rather small, and so are the dark leaves, and the bush is rather thin and straggly. I have mine growing near the barton gate and it benefits by associating with a bergenia growing in front of it, with comfortable, solid leaves. Salvia candelabra grew there once too, with a good background of large woolly leaves for its long arms and soft lavender-blue flowers. Verbena venom (rigida) plays about among the stones at its feet and is always still blooming in November.

A Flowers For Every Day Polygonum

Several new forms of Polygonum affne have come to us from recent expeditions and they are grown extremely well in the rock garden at Kew. The most brilliant is the Loundes' variety, with much finer flowers.

Although I admit its good qualities, I find Corydalis keteus rather too persistent in its seeding habits and spend much time tearing it from walls and flower beds. Now the pale-flowered form, C. ochrekuca, is another matter and my complaint with it is that it doesn't seed at all—at least not with me. With great care I put my newly acquired plant in a part of the garden where I have none of the common variety, and I hoped I should soon have a colony of seedlings, but so far there haven't been any. Most evergreen corydalis seed them well. The ferny- leaved Corydon: cheilanthifolia sows itself and produces its yellow- green flowers for months on end. They look very pretty against the bronze leaves. Even more attractive is the soft rose madder Cogdalis rubra which has foliage in the most delicate hi If-tones and flowers to match.

Antirrhinum asarina either likes you very much or not at all. In some gardens it seeds itself so much that it is a nuisance and in others it won't grow at all, let alone seed. I like its pale primrose flowers and grey-green leaves and its habit of trailing down over stones, and for years I tried it in different parts of the garden without success. It was not until it was planted in a large stone sink filled with greensand that it settled down at all, and once growing well it started seeding, and very soon there were trails down the front of the trough and seedlings in every corner, mingling with the bright blue flowers of Parochetus communis.

Eomecon cbionantha has something of a halo, probably because it is not very well known. Perhaps that is just as well, because most of the people who grow it find it a nuisance. It has very nice leaves shaped rather like a large nasturtium and with a pleasant glaucous finish. It is sometimes called the "Cyclamen Poppy"; I don't know why because its leaves don't look much like cyclamen leaves. Its other name, "Poppy of the Dawn", doesn’t raise any queries in one's mind. The flowers are pretty and they do look like small poppies with white petals and large yellow centres. They start in summer and will go on till October and November, but do not flower very much for me, and other people seem to have the same experience. The plant is a runner and I often wonder if it would flower better if we could find some means of controlling its wandering stems and make it give a little more thought to producing flowers.
 I agree its foliage is almost as beautiful as that of bocconia, but I feel I should like it more if it kept to one place instead of appearing some yards from the parent plant. It is a wily plant, for one treats its succulent stems with great respect, thinking they are as brittle as those of Dicentra spectabile, whereas they have the iron will of such plants as Cogdalis lutues, which looks brittle and fragile and yet finds a foothold in all sorts of places from which it cannot be easily removed It is a good thing that some of the less spectacular plants flower late in the year; it is so easy to overlook them at their ordinary flowering time if that comes when a great many plants are in bloom, most of which are more showy. I noticed a plant of marjoram blooming in a friend's garden in late October and learned it was the Bury Hill form of Origanum vulgate, with heliotrope and indigo flowers on slender dark stems. In a sunny spot it makes a good companion for Oxon:floribunda.

Origanum laevigatum is even more attractive, but it is a good thing that it flowers late in the year when there is not much competition. From a tight carpet of dark, glucose leaves less than an inch high rise  slender stems which have corymbs of small violet flowers. It grows rather slowly and so is not very easy to increase. I have it growing next to the blue flax, Linton perenne, with the rich claret Cosmos atrosanguineus, very near, and the colors blend very happily.

Serratula shawii is another rather subdued little plant which has considerable charm if only one takes the trouble to find it. The flowers are of the cornflower type, rather small and in a subdued shade of mauve. They nestle in delicate bronze ferny foliage. The plant doesn't increase very fast but its roots run slightly and hang on, so that when once it has been grown in the garden small pieces will come up in the same place each year, even though the original plant has been moved elsewhere. It makes a good companion for the grey leaves of Geranium gnardii.

The other serratula I grow, S. coronata, flowers a little earlier and is as big as the other is tiny. The flowers are the same thistle shape and dark purple in color and they come on 5' stems. The whole plant is very strong and massive and could well be used in a place where something as big and dense as a shrub is needed.

Blue flowers tone most beautifully with dwarf chrysanthemums, particularly the little blue daisies that flower so frenziedly in the autumn. ThoughAsterpappeiand Agathaeacoelestis do start flowering in late summer, it is not till late September and October that they really get going, and then they seem to produce as many flowers as they can before frosts finish their season. They are not hardy and must be kept going with cuttings. If one has a greenhouse the flowering plants can be lifted, potted and transferred to the greenhouse where they will flower all through the winter. Aster pappei has very fine, dark green foliage and in Agathaeacoelestis the leaves are wider, more the size and shape of box, but both have the small kingfisher-blue daisies that are so welcome in the autumn.

MAJOR GREENHOUSE PESTS AND DISEASES

Correct identification of the pest or disease cannot be understated. How can a pest be controlled if it is unknown? Unless the pest is known, proper treatment cannot be administered. For instance, a doctor would not prescribe cold medicine to treat athlete's feet. Following are a number of the more common pests and diseases found in the greenhouse.

Pests

Aphids—Aphids are pear-shaped, soft-bodied, usually wingless insects. They are often green or yellowish in color. Aphids have the ability to reproduce very rapidly. Astonishingly, they give birth to live young that are pregnant! Aphids use their mouthparts to pierce the plant and suck out juices. Aphids attack a wide variety of greenhouse plants.

Fungus gnats—Fungus gnats are

long-legged, winged, gray-black insects less than an eighth of an inch long. The larvae of fungus gnats feed on root hairs and tunnel into plant stems. They prefer growing media that is constantly moist.

Leaf miners—Leaf miners are small stocky flies. The adult deposits eggs inside a leaf. The eggs hatch and the larva feeds on the interior of the leaf, making tunnels as it moves along. Chrysanthemums are subject to leaf miner damage.

Mealybugs—Mealybugs are slow-moving, oval-shaped, whitish insects. They have a waxy finish and produce small cottony masses. Mealybugs pierce plant leaves and suck the plant juices. As with aphids, they give birth to living nymph.

Mites—Mites are not insects. They have eight legs and are related to spiders. Mites pierce plant leaf tissues and suck juice. Symptoms include a yellow speckled appearance to the leaf, and in severe cases, yellowing of the leaves and defoliation. TWo-spotted or red spider mites are among the most serious greenhouse pests. Two-spotted mites have two dark spots on their back and appear as tiny specks. Cyclamen mites infest a broad range of plants and are not visible to the naked eye. Bulb mites damage lily bulbs and the developing shoots. Spider mites create a complex network of webbing as they move about a plant.

Scale—Many types of scale insects infest greenhouse plants. 'Typically, they have flat, oval, often brown bodies. They may or may not be covered with an armored shell. Scale insects pierce plant leaves and stems and suck juices.

Western flower thrips—Western flower thrips are small insects with two pairs of fringed wings. They are dark brown in color.

Whiteffies—Whiteflies are small insects that are not surprisingly, white. They generally camp out on the undersides of leaves where they pierce the tissues and suck juices. Their flat, scale-like larvae feed on the undersides of the leaves. The whitefly is a major pest of poinsettias and fuchsias.

Worms or caterpillars—Caterpillars are the larva of various moth species. They damage greenhouse crops by eating the plants.

Diseases

Botrytis blight—Botrytis blight is a fungal disease that can attack nearly all greenhouse crops, and is a common problem with cut flower storage. It causes a brown rotting and develops fuzzy, gray mold as it produces spores. Botryt,is is most common when temperatures are between 60 and 70°F, air circulation is poor, and humidity is high.

Erwinia—Erwinia is a bacterial disease that causes rotting of plant tissues. The bacteria enter the plant through wounds. It is a common problem on Dieffenbachia, Philodendron, chrysanthemum, and cyclamen.

Powdery mildew—Powdery mildew is a fungal disease. Characteristic symptoms include a white dusty coating to leaves and flowers. Infected plants can become stunted. High humidity contributes to powdery mildew problems.

Pythium—Pythium is a fungal disease that attacks greenhouse plants under cool, wet conditions. It is one fungus that can cause damping- off. Damping-off is a term used to describe the early death of seedlings that have germinated. More mature plants can develop root and stem rots as a result of Pythium, particularly when growing medium has poor aeration.

Phytophthora—Phytophthora is a fungal disease similar to Pythium. It causes crown and stem rots in cool, wet conditions.

Rhizoctonia—Rhizoctonia is a fungal disease prevalent under wet and warm conditions. It is a common disease problem in the southeastern region of the country. Rhizoctonia causes damping-off, as well as, root and stem rots.

Thielaviopsis—Thielaviopsis is a fungus that causes root and stem rots. Problems caused by Thielaviopsis are favored by cool, moist conditions.

Virus—Tobacco mosaic and aster yellows are two common viral diseases associated with greenhouse crops. Symptoms of infection include discoloration of plant tissues, stunting of growth, and deformed growth. The spread from one plant to another is primarily by feeding greenhouse insects. Tobacco mosaic virus can be spread to the plants from the hands of workers who smoke.

PEST CONTROL STRATEGIES

For successful management of pests, the IPM program must be a year- round program. Also, IPM control measures for a specific crop, poinsettias for example, should begin before the plants enter the greenhouse. The strength of IPM is the combination of control measures used. Four broad areas of control include sanitation, cultural/physical control, biological control, and chemical control.

Greenhouse Sanitation

Many pest problems can be greatly reduced, if not eliminated, with greenhouse sanitation. Greenhouse sanitation is simply the efforts made to keep a greenhouse clean. Many modern greenhouse ranges have been built with concrete floors partly because they are easier to keep clean than gravel floors.

One aspect of greenhouse sanitation involves the removal of weeds from the interior of the greenhouse and the immediate area outside the greenhouse. The importance of weed control cannot be understated. Weeds harbor pests. Control measures applied to a crop fail to control pests that find safety on the weeds. After awhile, the pests migrate to the crop to cause damage. Only a few herbicides are labeled for use in the greenhouse.

Another important sanitation practice is the removal of plant debris and other debris from the floors and benches. Debris often houses disease organisms and pests. Severely infested or infected plants should also be removed and disposed of properly.

flower guide

The Freeze-Drying Method In Floral

Freeze drying is a commercial method of freezing the flowers first before drying them. Flowers are placed in large refrigerated vacuum chambers, which removes the moisture from the plant tissues. The flowers look very natural and hold their color. The cost of the chamber is prohibitive for most people.

DESIGNING WITH EVERLASTINGS (DRIED AND SILK)

Designers of dried or silk arrangements must employ the same principles and elements of design that are used with fresh flowers; however, some of the mechanics and specific techniques are slightly different. Designing with dried and silk flowers gives much flexibility to the designer. Stems can be lengthened or manipulated into various shapes. Materials may be glued, wired, and taped in a wide variety of ways that are not possible with fresh materials. A diverse range of containers can be used, including those that do not hold water. In many ways, designing with dried or silk flowers is much easier than with fresh flowers; because, wilting is no longer a concern. Designs will not need water added; wilted petals or leaves do not need to be removed. Care should be taken to avoid sunny or humid areas.

Stem Techniques

Many flowers or leaves are dried without any stems at all. Both dried and silk flowers may need stems to be lengthened or strengthened. The methods used will depend upon the flower type and stem thickness. New or added stems should be taped with floral tape in the appropriate matching color before using them in a design.

To create a new stem, a heavy wire can be glued (with pan melt glue or glue from a glue gun) and secured to the flower. Another method is to use the daisy hook wiring method.

To lengthen or strengthen stems, several methods are available.  Pick machines attaches a metal pick or stem to single or clustered silk or dried flowers to add length and strength. A wooden pick, a narrow, pointed piece of wood with a wire attached at the top, can add stem length. Stems can be lengthened or strengthened by wrapping the wire on the pick around both the stem and the wooden Stem length can be added for a short flower by placing it into a hollow stem, removed from another flower. Tape the flower to secure it. A designer can tightly tape a short flower or leaf to a longer stem without wire or glue or hollow stem. This method is quick but the taping must be very secure to keep Hot glue can attach a longer stem to a short flower or leaf

To operate a pick machine, begin by loading the metal picks into the slot at the top of the machine. Next, the handle is pulled forward to feed the pick into the front of the machine. The stems of the dried materials are placed over the top part of the pick. The stems should be thick enough to allow the pick to grasp them; if too thin, the stems will slip out of the pick. Then, the handle is pushed downward with a firm, steady grip. The prongs on the pick close over the stems of the dried materials, clamping the stems tightly. The dried material is ready to use in a design.

To shorten designing time, several flowers, fillers, or leaves may be attached to one stem and placed into a design adding several small filler flowers on the same metal or wooden pick or hollow stem shortens the design time and gives a full look to the design. Larger flowers can be wired and taped to quickly add color, depth, and fullness to a design.

To secure silk flowers and leaves, some silks may need to be removed from their stem, hot glued, and reattached to the stem. Before designing with silks, determine if this step is necessary with a gentle tug on a silk flower or leaf. If the parts come off easily, gluing is essential to secure them.

To shape silk flowers, use the wired petals, leaves, and stems and position these parts in a natural way. Unfurl the petals and stage the flowers to look partially to fully open; position the leaves to appear growing and not wilted; the stems may be slightly curved to look "real"

Designing Tips

Floral foam created specifically for silk and dried flower arranging is available. The foam should be securely attached to the container or wreath frame by gluing or wiring. To keep the wire from cutting through the floral foam, moss can be added before wiring. Moss is also used to conceal the floral foam and other mechanics. Wooden picks can also be placed at the foam edges to keep the wire from cutting through the floral foam.

When designing, each stem may be glued before placing it into the arrangement. Experienced designers can use this technique as they design; novices may want to glue the stems of the finished arrangement.

Designs with everlastings should not appear flat. Layering, the technique of placing some flowers deeper than others within an arrangement, will add fullness and avoid a flat look. Some flowers and fillers will appear quite "leggy" and layering avoids the see-through appearance. Display finished designs away from direct sunlight and high humidity. Sunlight will fade the colors and humidity will "wilt" dried flowers.

Dried and silk materials are long lasting and low maintenance. These types of designs will need occasional cleaning by dusting with a lightweight feather duster, spraying with a commercial spray designed for cleaning dried and silk flowers, or a quick dusting with a hair blow dryer on a low setting.

flower guide

The Greenhouse Management Floriculture

Plant requirements are the same in a greenhouse as they are outdoors; but the greenhouse, with its gradually evolving, automatic means of supplying conditions artificially, is becoming better and better equipped for plant growth.

For example, light, so necessary for photosynthesis, may be reduced in the summer by shading the glass with whitewash or shades, and in the winter electric light provides additional illumination. Temperature is automatically controlTed by thermostats regulating the steam or hot-water circulation through pipes; ventilation, by similar controls attached to the ventilating apparatus. By means of air conditioning, which is finding its way into greenhouse management, both humidity and temperature may be controlled during either the summer or the winter. (Cold water flowing over tight greenhouse roofs during the summer is, of course, the simplest way to reduce temperature and increase humidity.) In some instances typical home air-conditioning units will serve. Watering, fertilization, and cultivation are taken care of by soilless culture, so that uniformity of growth is obtained and considerable labor saved. With crops growing in soil, automatic watering devices are gradually coming into use in the form of tensiometers and subirrigation for potted plants. Thus in a modern greenhouse practically every phase of the necessary factors of growth may be regulated or will be as greater 4erfection in methods and equipment is developed.

Light. Since many plants grown in the greenhouse are indigenous to climates of varying nature, light regulation is necessary. In the winter time its inadequacy is the greatest of problems because crop maturity must be secured at that time. Artificial light provides the answer except that the needed high intensity is extremely expensive. However, many crops respond to very low amounts of additional light.

In the summer excessive amounts of light must be reduced to secure proper development, as in the case of Saintpaulia, Cyclamen, and various tropical foliage plants. To a lesser degree this is true of rose and carnation, where reductions of light serve to keep the growth soft and flower color of higher intensity.

Humidity. Because of the artificial conditions that obtain in the greenhouse, the air is usually too dry for the majority of crops, and regulation of humidity is needed. It is provided by keeping the walks wet, sprinkling them by hand or irrigating them by systems that throw a 'fine mist on them or in the air. Humidiguides make it possible to determine the relative percentage of humidity, and such instruments should be employed where automatic regulation is not yet practiced. Crops vary in their humidity requirements, which should be learned if perfection is to be attained. For example, rose, gardenia, and orchid need relative humidities ranging, especially -during the warm seasons, whereas carnation, stock, and the various succulents grow much better. Regulation of humidity is likewise essential in the control of various bacterial and fungous pests as well as in fumigation and spraying practices. The most common and universally used method of humidity increase is syringing the foliage with water.

Moisture. Regulation of moisture in the soil is extremely important when plants are grown in the greenhouse. On the ability to water depends one' of the major factors of success, and here to a large extent the structure of the soil and the adequacy of drainage enter in. With perfect drainage (in most greenhouses it is not adequate) and a uniform supply of moisture, good growth is assured, provided all other factors are controlled. The actual practice of watering usually depends on heavy drenching to provide the moisture and a subsequent partial drying to provide the air. Various "breakers" are attached to the hose to reduce pressure without sacrificing volume and thus supply the moisture without packing the surface of the soil. Crops vary considerably in their soil water requirements, so general rules cannot be made. Furthermore, it is important to realize that in bench-grown crops spot watering after planting young or dormant plants is essential. Spot watering refers to the application of moisture to the area around the plants and not the whole bench, until such time as root extension spreads into the soil between the plants. Plants with large root systems require more moisture than those with small ones. Those with fine roots demand less moisture than the coarse-rooted kinds. For example, rose requires more moisture than carnation, saintpaulia less than hydrangea and cineraria. Dormant plants like bulbs, hydrangea in the winter, and rose in pots started for Easter are provided with small amounts of water at first until root action develops. The season of the year likewise has its effect; obviously, during the winter waterings are fewer than in the spring and summer.

SUGGESTED GROUPINGS IN FLORICULTURE

In order to facilitate the selection of plants for various-sized water gardens a few suggestions will be given.

The small tub garden may be placed at the base of a rock wall with irises, rockcress, sedums, Cerastium tomentosum, Festuca glauca, Phlox subulata, Veronica rupestris, and others forming the ground covering next to the tub. The container itself may be planted with many combinations such as one giant arrow head, one waterlily, one water hyacinth,7one umbrella fern, one water- lettuce, and one parrotfeather or eel grass. The umbrella plant may be either in a pot or planted directly in the soil. Other plants may be substituted, but the number should not be increased materially, as each plant needs a chance to develop properly.

A pool 4 ft. wide and 6 ft. long may be arranged as follows: If it is to be seen from all sides, a center group of tall-growing plants will be effective. Papyrus or umbrella plants may be used for this purpose, with a group of lotuses near by. Height should be secured also at the corners. Giant arrowhead, irises, pickerel grass, and papyrus may be placed there to advantage. In the open spaces water lilies and various floating plants will produce the desired effect. Open water should show here and there. If a pool is backed against a grouping of shrubs, height should be stressed at that end. Thales and papyrus will serve well under such conditions.

Larger pools and those of formal settings may have to be planted to correspond to the surroundings. When the latter are informal, many miscellaneous plants are desirable; but under formal conditions, where the pool's edges are to be seen, low- growing plants are to be preferred. Lilies should predominate.

CLASSIFICATION OF ROSES

For proper understanding of the principles of culture it is necessary to know something about the different types and classes of rose. For convenience, they may be divided into two great groups—the bush roses and the climbing roses.

The large bush roses grown for mass effects are extremely hardy, floriferous, and usually free of disease. They should be used to a greater degree than at present. Although they fail to bloom except in the early summer, the ornamental seed pods, or "hips," are very attractive in the fall of the year. Because of their hardiness and profusion of bloom, the baby ramblers and the more floriferous hybrid teas, called floribundas, are perfectly satisfactory, particularly for low borders.

The hybrid perpetual and the hybrid teas form the largest group. They are extremely popular and should be grown only in special beds, not with other shrubby materials. The name hybrid perpetual is misleading, since this type blooms usually only once a season, although some varieties may produce a second crop in the fall. The hybrid teas are really constant bloomers if proper care is given them. Of the two, the former are more hardy and vigorous.

Climbing Roses. This group comprises forms of hybrid perpetuals and hybrid teas that have been hybridized with R. wichuraiana and R. multiflora. The rambler roses are hybrids of R. multiflora and are characterized by having their flowers in large clusters and blooming but once a season. Vigor of growth and bright green foliage, usually of nine leaflets, are peculiar to this type. Crimson Rambler, American Pillar, and Tausendschlin are good examples.

Because of susceptibility to mildew, the ramblers are being replaced by the climbing R. wichuraiana hybrids, which show fewer tendencies to disease and possess greater adaptability to locations. The best varieties belonging to this group are Dr. Van Fleet, Silver Moon, Doubloons, Excelsa, Paul's Scarlet Climber.

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R. centifolia (cabbage rose) is a native of Caucausus and Persia. It is characterized by large globular flowers with numerous petals which curve inward. The flowers are pink and fragrant, appearing in June or July. The leaflets are seven, large and wrinkled with deeply serrated margins. The plant itself is a straggling bush, heavily thorned.

R. damascena (damask rose) is a native of Syria, flowering in June and July and again in the fall. The flowers are borne in carymbose clusters of red, pink, and white. Leaflets are usually five. The plant is upright, growing.

The Floriculture In Pollination

Many of our present-day hybrid lilies are the result of chance cross-pollination by insects. To rely upon such a procedure is not satisfactory, since it is difficult to foretell what might arise from seed produced in this fashion. The better method is to go about the work of crossing systematically. It is not only a fascinating pastime but may also prove profitable if an outstanding product were secured.

Fundamentally, crossing, or hybridizing, consists of the transfer of viable or living pollen from one flower to the stigma of another. Fertilization takes place after the pollen grain germinates, sends a tube down through the style of the flower to the ovary below where the union takes place, and seed is developed. The preparation of the flowers, either pistillate or staminate, should be thorough. Plants selected for breeding should be vigorous. Consideration should be given to size, color, doubling, and leaf characters, particularly those of viviparous habit. Viviparous plants are those which develop new plants upon floating leaves during their period of growth.

The male, or pollen, parent should be covered during the bud stage to exclude insects and prevent them from depositing foreign pollen on the anthers. For this purpose a thin piece of cheesecloth or a translucent, waterproof bag may be fastened about the bud. The pollen may be collected during the second day after the flower opens, the outer whorl of stamens yielding their pollen first followed in succession by the other whorls. The female, or seed-bearing, parent should be emasculated in the bud stage. This means that all stamens and their superimposed anthers should be removed before the pollen ripens. The operation is performed by a pair of forceps reaching to the base of the stamen and plucking it out. Scissors may also be used.

The emasculation is necessary to prevent self-pollination and should be done even though the stigma, or the receptive female organ, matures before the pollen. Removal of the pollen from the previously prepared flower is accomplished by the use of a camel's-hair brush or by the removal of the anthers with forceps and dragging these into the nectar that collects in the concave stigma when it becomes receptive. The petals and the sepals should be cut off partially; the flower, covered with a bag or cheesecloth tied closely about the base and fastened to a rod support. Enough twine should be left with the support to allow the seed pods to drop into the water and ripen normally. To keep a definite check of the crosses, records should be placed upon labels attached to the stake. The work of hybridizing may be done all through the summer, depending upon the flowering period of the types in question. The seeds mature usually, when the seed pods should be collected, the covering removed, and the pods placed in water to allow total disintegration of the covering and thorough ripening of the seeds.

The Flower Plants In Floriculture

Tabulate or diagram the foregoing data in a floral plan. Note that in this plan in Fig. 5 the relation of point of attachment of sepals, petals, and stamens is indicated whether they be alternate with each other or opposite. This method should be used far more than it is. If done before attempting to use a key, there is less likelihood of making the floral parts fit the specifications of the key, and therefore a more accurate diagnosis is obtained.

The Inflorescence. Just as the individual flower has a definite structure and arrangement of parts, so a cluster of flowers has a pattern, or arrangement, on an axis. This schematic plan of flowers on the stem or axis is termed an inflorescence.

1. Solitary Flowers. Flowers may occur singly in either a terminal or an axillary position, in which cases they are said to be solitary. This is seen in the fruit plants of quince and peach, the former terminal and the latter mdllary. The flower may be borne at the terminus of a stalk arising at the ground in a number of herbaceous plants (as with bulbs and corms). The stalk bearing the flower in this case is termed a scape, although it is really a peduncle as with any solitary flower. Such a case is familiar in the tulip, crocus, and violet. Since the term inflorescence implies more than one flower in a cluster, this case may be considered apart from the other two categories.

2. The Racemose Inflorescence. This is the most common situation in flower clusters and consists of an axis of unlimited growth bearing the oldest flovTers at the base and the younger ones progressively upward to the tip. The arrangement is familiar in such plants as hollyhock, lily-of-the-valley, and snapdragon. There are various modifications of this racemose inflorescence, but the general scheme is the same. The more usual ones are as follows:

a. RACEME. The individual flowers of the main axis oi peduncle have little stems known as pedicels, and they are of equal length. Examples are lily-of-the-valley, snapdragon, gladiolus.

b. SPIKE. A spike is similar to the iaceme except that the flowers are sessile; i.e., the pedicel is absent, as in buddleia. Cominonly, the flowers are numerous, completely covering a portion of the peduncle as in plantain. In some cases they are in whorls with conspicuous intervals between the whorls as in salvia.

c. CATKIN OR AMENT. This is a spike or raceme with a slender rachis bearing many unisexual, apetalous flowers, which falls as a whole when mature. Examples are ornamental amaranthus, birch, willow, alder.

d. UMBEL. This is a short rachis bearing long-pedicellate flowers of about equal length, spreading umbrellalike as in Queen Anne's lace, ivy, cowslip, onion.

e. CORYMB. The main axis is elongated, and the pedicels are of unequal length. The lower ones are longest; and the upper, or central, ones are shortest, resulting in the flowers lying in a plane. As in all racemose types the lowest ones reach anthesis first, and the maturing of the flowers proceeds upward until the last one to open is at the apex or what appears to be the center. Candytuft is an example.

f. SPADIX. This is a spike with a fleshy axis (rachis). It is sometimes surrounded or overarched by a very large bract—the spathe—as in calla lily, Jack-in-the-pulpit, monstera.

g. HEAD OR CAPITULUM. Numerous small flowers without pedicels are crowded together on a very short rachis called a disk. Osage orange, sycamore, sweetgum, and members of the Compositae, including dandelion and chrysanthemum, are examples.

3. The Cymose Inflorescence. At the growing point a flower bud is produced so that no further elongation of the axis can occur. The other flower buds of the cluster are produced below this point and hence are progressively younger from the tip of the axis toward the base. This gives a situation called determinate growth. The solitary flower is, in a sense, cymose. This situation is seen in the begonia, kalanchoe, exacum, hydrangea, viburnum, carnation.